Critically assess the elements of a successful e-commerce regulatory Essay

Critically assess the elements of a successful e-commerce regulatory model - Essay Example In the last 5 years, the government has contended that the introduction of several layers of regulation based on EU legislation into UK law has increased customer confidence in e-businesses3 and increased these businesses standards of good practice. The implementation of the Distance Selling directive into UK law was to inspire confidence and increase transactions in cross-border shopping, including the internet. The regulation cannot be contracted out and any inconsistencies between the terms of the contract and the regulations would make the contract void. It does not cover contracts relating to auctions, financial services or property and partial exemptions for accommodation, transport, catering or leisure services and goods intended for everyday consumption supplied by regular roundsmen. This information must comply with the principles of good faith in commercial transactions and the principles governing the protection of minors. However, Consumers Internationals5 research revealed that 1 in 5 sites failed to give clear total cost of the transaction despite the fact that the price of goods and services including all taxes must be provided. They have also found very few sites actually providing written information on the right to a contract withdrawal. Subject to the following exceptions , once the supplier has met his obligations relating to the provision of information, the consumer has at least 7 working days to cancel the contract without penalty (the cooling-off period6) : If the supplier fails to meet his obligations to provide information, this period is extended by 3 months. He also has 30 days to repay the amounts paid by the consumer and, in certain cases, may deduct from the refund the costs of recovering the goods. If the consumers payment card was fraudulently used, he may request cancellation of payment and reimbursement of the amounts paid. The burden of proof lies on the card issuer

Abortion is Morally Wrong Essay -- Abortion Essays

Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth and is morally wrong. An abortion results in the death of an embryo or a fetus. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and is illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is very simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why is not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically foolish, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. -Wolf p54 The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless foetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the foetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the foetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the foetus or embryo, as the case may be, are put into everyday, plastic buckets and then sent to a dumpster where these precious bones and limbs are disposed. However, how and when an abortion takes place are matters of little importance to pro- abortionists and other defenders. Even former abortion practitioners from varying backgrounds and religions have a new view on abortion. These changes of heart were caused by psychological, religious and scientific reasons. One doctor, Dr. Bernard Nathanson, performed 60,000 abortions and supervised 10,000, before scientific evidence and the use of a... ...ou are going to loose.† (Wolf p54) WORKS CITED Alvare, Helen, Wilson, Marle, Wolf, Naomi. â€Å"Abortion: Whose Values? Whose Rights?† Tikkun January-February 1997: pp54-60 Clark, Thomas. â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Play God† The Humanist July-August 1995: p3 Hunt, George W.. â€Å"Of Many Things† America 31 January 1998: p2 Lavelle, Marianne. â€Å"When Abortion Comes Late In Pregnancy, Though Rare, Most Aren’t For Medical Reasons† U.S. News and World Reports 19 January 1998: p31-32 Lefevere, Patricia. â€Å"Ex-abortion Providers; Conversation Tales† National Catholic Reporter 16 January 1998: p6 Merril, Ted. â€Å"Abortion; Extreme Views Ignore Reality† Medical Economics 15 July 1996: p33 McMillan, Jeff. â€Å"Focusing On a Woman’s Right To Self Defense† The Chronicle of Higher Education. 6 December 1996: pA12 â€Å"No Easy Quick Fix Solutions To Abortion Issues† National Catholic Reporter 8 November 1996: p20 â€Å"Reproductive Tract Infections and Abortion Among Adolescent Girls In Rural Nigeria† The Lancet 4 February 1995: p300 Thomas, Judy. â€Å"Pro-life Turns Deadly† Newsweek 26 January 1998: p64 Wallace, Bruce. â€Å"When One Fetus Lives and One Dies† Maclean’s 19 August 1996: pp20-21

Married Women On Condom Use Health And Social Care Essay

This survey aims to research perceptual experience and attitude of married adult females on rubber usage to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS, and to understand how this perceptual experience and attitudes influence rubber usage pattern among married adult females. However, there are some restrictions of this survey. The restriction of this survey is on the range of country, figure of respondent who interviewed and besides in term of the limited clip to carry on the survey. Therefore, the consequence and decisions must be considered as preliminary findings.5.1. DecisionSpecific decisions of this survey are as follows: This survey finds that HIV & A ; AIDS cognition on married adult females is low. The low HIV cognition is caused by limited entree of married adult females on HIV & A ; AIDS information, so they merely get the HIV information from telecasting particularly intelligence and some documentaries, such as soap opera, which is the quality of the information, is sometimes inaccurate. The determination from this survey shows that married adult females have low hazard perceptual experience because they belief that they do n't make something in hazard, or they said they belief their hubby, so they non make pattern safer sex ( condom usage ) . This low perceptual experience is caused by low cognition of HIV and ne'er sees people who have HIV make married adult females feel that HIV is happened in â€Å" other † people, non in them. This survey finds that rubber cognition on married adult females is low. Percept that rubber is something absurd is one of the manner married adult females show that rubber is something unusual and unfamiliar for them. The other misperception is for married adult females, rubber is indistinguishable with contraceptive method, even though rubber usage in FSW, and they still think it related to forestall gestation. In add-on, from one of focal point group treatment in low instruction and immature married adult females, they raised the sentiment that another sort of contraceptive method method besides has the similar map as rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS transmittal. The determination from this survey shows that the high degree of instruction, more likely to hold self efficaciousness that affect the manner of communicating, they feel more confident to discourse with the partner about gender, include communicating about HIV and rubber usage. While the respondent from low degree instruction told that for them, discourse about rubber to conserve is forbidden. However, in term of rubber usage, they can negociate to conserve, but the concluding determination is depend on the hubby, and in the degree of attitude this survey found some married adult females agree to utilize rubber for double protection, but when one ask about their purpose to utilize rubber, they said the have no purpose at all to utilize rubber because hubby do n't wish to utilize rubber. This statement make clear that in the twosome relationship particularly matrimony, hubby is have a strong influence on determination doing procedure related rubber usage. This related to sentiment of married adult females that work forces is a family leader, and married adult females have belief that the good married woman is who follow what hubby want. This survey found that no 1 usage rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. Even though they who have possible high hazard, cipher usage rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. The ground of non utilizing rubbers is varied, that is they feel non at hazard so no demand to utilize rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS, hubby do n't desire to utilize rubber, rubber usage struggle with the desire to reproduction, rubber can do some practical job, rubber interrupt sexual activity. However, married adult females raised some ground or state of affairs they will be agree to utilize rubber, when they can non utilize another sort of prophylactic method except rubber, or in the state of affairs they do non utilize any other prophylactic methods ( for illustration: after giving birth ) , when they perceived a demand of protection from the disease, and for funny reasoned.5.2 Recommendations5.2.1 Policy RecommendationsBased on the findings, cognition on HIV/AIDS on married adult females is remains low, it is r elated to limited entree of married adult females on HIV & A ; AIDS information. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should beef up runs or circulating information and cognition on HIV/AIDS through telecasting, wireless, cyberspace or web site, newspaper, and magazine to increase married adult females ‘s cognition. The findings revealed that married adult females cognition of rubber is really low, this taking to misperception about rubber. Almost of married adult females identify rubber as prophylactic method, non in the disease bar country. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should beef up runs or circulating information and cognition on rubber usage through telecasting, wireless, cyberspace or web site, newspaper, and magazine to increase adult females ‘s cognition. The determination shows work forces have a large part on determination doing procedure on rubber usage in all features of married adult females. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should beef up promote information, instruction and communicating and behavior alteration communicating plans which target high hazard adult male which can assist them increase their cognition about safe sex including STIs and HIV/AIDS. And besides adult females ‘s authorization plans are really of import to better their ability to pass on with their hubbies on sexual behaviour and safe sex. Therefore, the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, NGOs ( Non-Governmental Organizations ) and societal groups should carry on adult females ‘s empowerment plans. The determination shows that perceived hazard of HIV & A ; AIDS among married adult females is low, and no 1 in this survey utilizing rubber even have purpose to utilize rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should beef up promote information, instruction and communicating and behavior alteration communicating plans which target married adult females which can assist them increase their cognition about safe sex including HIV/AIDS, particularly foregrounding the exposure of adult females who get HIV infection from promiscuous spouses which can promote them to hold safe sexual behaviour. It can promote and advance gender equity and generative wellness rights.5.2.2 Recommendations for Further ResearchsResearch on status, cognition, perceptual experience, attitude, and behaviour on the married adult females is still limited, particularly among high hazard adult male ‘s reg ular spouses whose hazard perceptual experience is low but whose hazard is related to the behaviour of their hubby. Including rubber usage as one of HIV & A ; AIDS bar methods will finish the image in turn toing married adult females ‘s job and demands sing their sexual behaviour. Future research has to analyze and turn to affectional and contextual issues in disease spread and bar in context of matrimony, including household wellness and cultural facet of gender and power, in the attempts to hold the spread of HIV infection.

Conflicts in the Story a Rose for Emily by William...

In the story a rose for emily william falulkner portrays two types of conflics. these conflicts are encounterd by the readers through the authors eye. an individula that reads this story can see the different conflicting situations that arise in this story . emilys conflicts within herself and the communities conflicts towards her are the two main conflicts in this story. The conlicts within herself is more prominent than what she had with the community she lived in .Conflict within a charater can deal with inner morals, dreams ambitions, and rights and wrongs. As we read this story we realize that es c start as a young girl . er father who was a strict man did not let her have a healthy social life . he made her an out cast†¦show more content†¦Colonel Satoriss words still had its power in Jefferson and Emily lived with that power against present. she was afraid to let go of her past . her conflict lay within her because she did not know when to let go of a person or a situation . another example of this is when she falls in love with the yankee Homer Baron and kills hime with rat poision and hides his body in her house . her confliction charecterisc is seen in this situation as an overpowering individual . thease examples show her own conliction charcater that led her to became insane. antoerh conflict that arises in this story is the on the people itn the communtiy has towards miss emily . even thosug they res pected her they did not agree withe everything she did for examples her relationship with Barn was not well-liked among the women of the community . the people also were not font of her not paying taxes and refusing to believe that the south has changed . she did not care about what the people thought of her . for exmple when she started to teach chera-painting to the young genaration and had to sop when that genaration grew up the no longer send their children to her . she was not disayed or discouraged by this action . so te conflict the community had with her was the fact that she was living in her past . in conclusion we can see that the conflicts with in herself and the constant disapprowals of the community made Miss Emily mentally ill and putShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead Moreâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Samuel Martin Instructor Waszak LIT 100 December 7, 2014 â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: Explain what we learn about Miss Emily’s character in the story (not just what she does, but what kind of person she is). Use specific evidence found in the story to support your conclusions. Be alert to the possibility that the narrator who reveals this evidence to us might have certain biases of his/her/their own. In the poem â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner stated that â€Å"another sad and tragic manifestation of man’sRead MoreCompare A P And A Rose For Emily1667 Words   |  7 PagesAP + A Rose for Emily AP by John Updike and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner are two short stories which reveal to be different, odd and even bizarre in several aspects; conversely, on the other hand, they are very similar. One similarity for John Updike, William Faulkner and many other authors, is being that they follow the three-act structure, which helps to write their story more effectively. Furthermore, in analyzing AP and A Rose for Emily, we see that both share an â€Å"overarching† theme;Read MoreSummary Of A Rose For Emily 985 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 2015 Brief Analyzing for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short horror, tragedy story which contains an interesting connection between its point of view and its plot, moreover, characters, and setting where the story takes a place, have a portion of making it a noteworthy story. William Faulkner, who wrote â€Å"A Rose for Emily† set it to present a picture of a lonely woman from Mississippi who expires to mental illness. The tragedy in this story is how the main character is manipulatedRead MoreLiterary Appreciation Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesthe conflicts faced by the protagonists in the two texts. Discuss how they are forced to submit to their parents. In literature, the conflict moves the story forward. When the story is to end the protagonist’s favor, the conflict occurs. It is what the major character must face with and hopefully defeat. What behind conflict is want. The author always creates situations where the characters crave something. Laura in The Glass Menagerie is the tragic heroine and so does the woman called Emily in theRead MoreBook Review of A Rose for Emily1813 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿A Rose for Emily William Faulkners 1930 short story A Rose for Emily tells the tale of the sudden death of a small, southern towns most prominent old woman; the last remaining person who had experienced the American South before the American Civil War. She had the memories within her of a period of white domination and black subjection, which is mirrored in the relationship she had with her handyman. This woman held a great deal of power in this small community. She is a remnant of the pastRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s Writing Style1486 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner, who lived his entire live in Mississippi, was a Nobel Prize- winning writer who became well-known for his work set in the American South. After dropping out of high school and working in multiple different fields, he was commissioned as a major in the Hawaiian Territorial Forces. Faulkner later enrolled in the University of Mississippi and began his writing career; writer Sherwood Anderson gave Faulkner advice, stating that he sh ould write about his native home of Mississippi. Read MoreSymbolism in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner Essay555 Words   |  3 PagesSymbolism in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner William Faulkner used a great deal of symbolism in this story. His use of symbolism captivated the reader until the shocking end of the story. Some of the symbolism was blatant while some was vague and disguised. While Faulkner’s use of the color white in this story wasn’t obvious at first it soon becomes clear that the color white represents innocence and youth. The Grierson house was white and when Miss Emily was a young girl she woreRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreComparison and Contrast of the Yellow Wallpaper and the Rose for Emily1078 Words   |  5 PagesParis Claypool Eng 120 Essay 1 06/12/2010 A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"A Rose for Emily’’ By William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,† are two short stories that both incorporate qualities of similarities and difference. Both of the short stories are about how and why these women changed for lunacy. These women are forced into solitude because of the fact that they are women. Emily’s father

Importance Of Children In The Victorian Era - 1669 Words

The Belittled Little Ones of the Victorian Era Children of all classes during the Victorian era were seen but not heard. At the age of five, children were working to make a living during this time. Children during the Victorian era were raised and perceived as adults. In the story Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens wrote about a young orphan raised in a workhouse, where he was abused and overworked. Charles Dickens displayed in his literature how Victorian children were thrown around and were looked as nothing more than workers. He focused on this because he wanted to show how children were treated, and how people during that time did not see it as wrong. Charles Dickens revealed ways in which children in the Victorian era who were apart of the†¦show more content†¦Charles Dickens shows their lifestyle through his literature Oliver Twist and how the expectations the children lived under was supposed to result in the main goal of perfection. All children during the Victorian era could relate in a way. They all lacked relatio nships and social interactions with others. They also lived life in constant competition; either for food, work, or even popularity. Even though all the Victorians may not have lived the same lifestyle, they all wanted the same thing. The children in this time period were raised based by their social status. Many had no communication or did not know how to be affectionate due to the lack of attention, and interaction with family. Not having these basic skills caused many complications for the children such as hunger, isolation, and not having the knowledge of how to live life the proper lifestyle that was expected during the Victorian era . This made living hard, especially because family was so important during this time. Lower class children struggled to stay in homes and off the streets. During the Victorian era many children in the lower class were placed into a workhouse, because of the lack of money and basic necessities (Jordan 262). As children grew up in a workhouse, they lacked relationships with their family because of being abandoned or homeless. Not being raised by a family had a great affect on children in this era. VictorianShow MoreRelatedHow Class and Social Structure of the Victorian Era Is Reflected by the Literature of the Time1453 Words   |  6 Pagescountries in becoming a democracy and the uprising of societies against constricting governments. However during the Victorian Era, a structured hierarchical environment was not only accepted but was considered to be of the upmost importance in society’s continuous survival. Victorian Literature allows readers to gain a critical insight into the class and social hierarchy of the era, by outlining the extensive amount of guidel ines and restrictions applicable to each class and therefore how these affectedRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesA Trivial Comedy for Serious People Oscar Wilde mocked his audience while he entertained them. Perhaps his most loved and well-known work, The Importance of Being Earnest, satirises the manners and affections of the upper-class Victorian society. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, usually with the intent of changing or correcting the subject of the satirical attack. The play focuses on the elite, while making fun of the ludicrousness and extremityRead MoreThe Influence Of Society On Victorian Relationships1411 Words   |  6 PagesInfluence of Society on Victorian Relationships Afraid of rejection in the Victorian Era, men and women sought after relationships that agreed with the expectations set by society. Victorian literature satirized and underscored these expectations and their effects on individuals. During the Victorian Era relationships were not focused on the emotional aspect of marriage but rather growth in reputation and status. The characters in Oscar Wilde’s works, The Importance of Being Earnest and TheRead MoreCharacteristics Of Victorian Literature1437 Words   |  6 Pages Are the Victorians Romantics? Characteristics of Victorian literature are largely artists that are inspired by both the art that came before them and the event that occurred during the time that they were working. Victorian literature is largely characterized by the struggle of working people and the triumph of right over wrong, which do in part can be hard to decipher at times. This means that a piece of work can seem Victoria, but may not have been written in the Victorian era, or something canRead MoreFlatland : A Romance Of Many Dimensions813 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Victorian era. The novel Flatland refers to the Victorian era where at the time women were regarding as inferior to males and the family life was practically the only respectable career option for a woman. The man was the leader of the family and the wife was to teach the children and care for the house and her husband. Just before the time of the writing of Flatland girl’s schools were included under the Endowed Schools Act of 1869, but in comparison to their male counterparts Victorian femalesRead MoreThe Influence Of Victorian Society On Relationships And Marriage1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Victorian Society on Relationships and Marriage Marriage was of utmost importance during the 1830’s to the 1900’s. The â€Å"ideal† relationship had been searched for by both men and women using the standards that the commonwealth had created. When reading Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and associating it to society’s expectations for both genders throughout the Victorian era, people are depicted as being very effected and influenced by the set rules and boundaries.Read MoreVictorian and Edwardian Advertising 798 Words   |  3 Pagespainting. Later in 18th century, Victorian and Edwardian Britain left a big impact on the advertising industry, in where the advertising developed and increased dramatically ever since. The Victorian and Edwardian Britain reflected the social and economic changes in that era in term of the advertising method, the types of products advertised and the expansion of the advertising industry. Historical background of Victorian and Edwardian Britain The Victorian Era was the period of Queen Victorian’sRead MoreOscar Wilde s A Woman Of No Importance1057 Words   |  5 PagesOscar Wilde’s A Woman of No Importance, written and published in 1893, a witty melodrama that challenges morality, piety, and depicts gender inequalities in the Victorian Era. Critics deemed A Woman of No Importance as being on the, â€Å"weakest of the plays Wilde wrote,† 1 of the 19th Century because was described as being very shocking and unpleasant to theatergoers of this time for questioning the gender inequalities of the era. Moreover, this play is characterized as being a sentimental comedy whereRead MoreThe Lady Of Shalott By Tennyson And Goblin Market1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age is a challenging era to outline. There was a handful of reasons on why it was such a challenging time. One of the main problematic topics was gender roles being very controversial. Men were looked at being intelligent and the leader of the family while women were the ones to care for the children and keep up on the domestic duties. While there were many women that accepted the typical gender roles, there were many women that were not accepting. In both poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Angel Of The House 893 W ords   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Angel in the House† During the Victorian Era in 1837 the period that was ruled by Queen Victoria I, women endured many social disadvantages by living in a world entirely dominated by men. Around that time most women had to be innocent, virtuous, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion. It was also a time associated with prudishness and repression. Their sole window on the world would, of course, be her husband. During this important era, the idea of the â€Å"Angel in the House† was

Essay on Maywood Academy To Charter or Not to Charter

To my fellow community and all present here today, we are faced with a problem bigger than we thought it would be, either to go charter or not! What does charter mean to you? To me it means being isolated in a prison ruled by selfish stubborn officials that don’t take our education and our future seriously! Some of us might take it lightly while on others it has a huge impact. I, as a fellow student will not stand for this. I demand for my voice to be heard; not only for myself, but for others too. And together we will prevail. Maywood Academy gives a lot of opportunities too many students that want to succeed in life. With charter, all those opportunities will just go down the drain. Education is a precious thing and should not be†¦show more content†¦All they will do is just bring us down. Charter is treating our school like if we are something to fight over. We aren’t just plain anything, we are a community united. And this is our school! Let’s not be selfish and just think of our generation but the generations after us. Be fair and let them have the same opportunities as we did. But then again, how would I know that my classmates and I will have those future opportunities if we go charter. On the other hand, let us speak our mind and let us be. If we go charter, how will we know if our school will stay the same? Charter means semi-private and semi-public. But how do we know if it’s going to be more private than public. Right now Maywood Academy is part of our community and it is open to the public but if we go charter our school won’t belong to us but to a company that will have the rights to make the rules not knowing whether it will be good for us or bad. We shall not take that risk because we are doing well and if they make the rules there is a chance that they might bring us down. In private schools, special-ed kids aren’t accepted, so how do we know if special-ed kids will be accepted at our â€Å"new† school? Their futures will be lost too! Not only them but kids with problems concentrating in school. How would we know if teachers from charter will have the patience to teach them? If Maywood Academy goes charter there is a big risk of loosing half the staff members and many

To What Extent Did the Russian Economy Improve in the Period 1894 to 1914 Free Essays

The Russian economy is universally declared to have been a thoroughly backward prior to 1890s therefore it is highly likely that there was economic improvement in the given period; however the extent of this is difficult to define due to the varying manifestations of economic improvement and the independence with which they may occur. The finance minister during this period was Sergei Witte, and to him the majority of the improvements are credited, yet the improvement was not universal. Whether this was him personally or simply a product the awful conditions which the Russian economy rose from is to be decided. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Did the Russian Economy Improve in the Period 1894 to 1914? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1897, 82% of the Russian population were peasants, leading one to the believe that any economic improvement must be both partially caused by and result in improvements in this area. This is because generally the greater the economic improvement the greater the amount of people are involved in bringing it about and the greater the number of people it affects for the better. The situation in 1894 was a mass of peasants that owned small and mainly subsistence farms. This meant that they sold very little of their produce and therefore had very little money. This was bad for two reasons. Firstly if they sold little then the state would have very little to sell to other countries, meaning that no extra wealth was coming in to Russia. Secondly, if the peasants had little money than they would not be able to buy much. If we acknowledge John Keynes’ theory of demand as true, this lack of it can only be seen as a severe impediment to the Russian economy. To answer the question, one must therefore decide if either the peasants started producing enough to sell or if less people were peasants. There is evidence to suggest that between 1890 and 1910 there was an increase of 38 million tonnes of cereals produced. One could argue that this shows economic improvement because they were working the land more efficiently, and therefore selling more so getting richer, the extra wealth generated would be pumped into other areas such as manufacturing due to the rise in demand. In addition the extra grain acquired by the government could be sold to other countries, and this money could then be spent on industry, improving the economy. This theory is complemented by the fact that between 1897 and 1914 Odessa, the major gain exporting port, saw a rise in population from 403 thousand to 499 thousand, which would lead one to believe that more eople lived there because there was more work to be done because there was more grain to export. On the other hand it could be believed that this does not show an improving economy firstly because it 74 million tonnes in 1910 is actually a lot less per hector then more developed countries were able to produce. They were still poor in comparison with other countries s uch as England which had experienced the industrial revolution and therefore had more efficient farming. In addition it must be taken into account that the population of Russia was rapidly increasing at this time, it doubled between 1861 and 1914 to 130 million people, therefore this increase in food production would not have lead to a vast amount of either overseas income or surplus money because they needed to eat most of it. This argument would lead one to the belief that on both an international and internal scale the agriculture of Russia shows very little economic improvement. It is, however commonly acknowledged that a failing of Witte’s was his lack of action in the agricultural department. The fact that in 1914 four-fifths of the population were still peasants that we have already asserted helped very little towards an economic improvement puts into great doubt the scale of such an improvement. Nevertheless it is possible for large change to be implemented by few people therefore instead of passing judgement based only on Witte’s weakest area of economic reform the others must be examined. Transport is highly necessary for a good economy because it allows workers to move to where there are jobs, business to trade goods with ease and ideas to spread quickly. Witte was aware of this and therefore undertook a massive project of railway extension going from 19510 miles of track in 1891 to 43850 miles in 1913. This included the Trans-Siberian railway which stretched from Moscow to Vladivostok and was meant to encourage the migration of workers from remote area to the manufacturing centre. Unfortunately this project was a disappointment internally as east-west migration did not increase significantly, which perhaps in explained by the fact that in 1914 sections were still incomplete. One could argue that the smaller scale railways were just as important because they allowed peasants to move from the overcrowded agricultural land to the cities where they could benefit the economy by working in factories. This may have happened to a small extent however we have already concluded that the majority of the peasants stayed peasants, besides by law peasants had to gain permission from village elders to move , stifling the desired rural to urban migration and therefore economic improvement. It must therefore be decided that internally the transport revolution helped to improve the Russian economy to an unexpectedly small amount. However the railway system in its vastness attracted international attention that was to improve the economy in other ways. The Trans-Siberian Railway was seen by other countries as a symbol of Russian enterprise and advancing society; this positive attention encouraged them to trade with Russia, therefore bringing in money, which in the long term would create demand and subsequently improving the Russian economy. Figures to back this are those of the comparative industrial output which rose from 109. 5 in 1904 to 163. 5 in 1913. As four fifths of the population were virtually incapable of buying this, we can only assume that the excess was either sold abroad or used on the railways. This will have brought money into Russia, improving the economy. One must then decide if the benefits of the foreign trade and the kick starting of industry was worth the massive amount the railways would have cost the government. In the long term it must be considered so, as without both something and someone to trade with the Russian economy would have taken much longer to improve. In addition, although the intended benefits were not seen within the given period, they may have appeared later, if the country had not been disrupted by war. However in the given time span economic improvement due to the railway was limited to the sector of foreign trust and therefore sales. The actual production of goods is often a good indicator of the success of an economy. There is no doubt that this happened in the years 1894 to 1914. For example between the years 1890 and 1913 the annual production in millions of tons rose from 5. to 35. 4 in coal, 0. 89 to 9. 1 in pig iron and 3. 9 to 9. 1 in oil. This is proof that in the industrial sector there was economic improvement. However it is known that much of this improvement was state directed, which would be fine if it were not for the fact that this direction was financed heavily by overseas loans. This meant that though the economy did improve, it was not strong in the way the France and Britain’s were because it firstl y needed state intervention to keep it going and secondly could not finance itself. If the improvements in this period in the economy could be continued over another twenty years, then it is probable that the loans would have been paid off and state intervention no longer necessary to such a large degree, however in this time period such drastic improvements were not possible. Therefore it must be understood although the industrial part of the economy did improve in measurements such as output and turnover during the given time period, it did not stabilise in a way that would make it strong. The improvement of an economy is all comparative, as well as comparing the Russian economy to how it way at the start and finish of the given period we must also compare it’s improvement to that of other countries, so as to create a more contextual answer. Of the five great powers, Russia shows the least increase in national income between 1894 and 1913 at 50% however its growth in national product between 1898 and 1913 is the highest at 96. 8%. The latter figure shows that Russia’s production of goods had gone up by fa more than its rivals, showing that the economy defiantly improved. After our inspection of both the industrial and agricultural sides of the economy it is possible to say that this improvement was almost entirely in industry. Never the less this shows great economic improvement. On the other hand the fact that Russia’s national income had increased the least shows that the people of Russia were not richer in comparison with the rest of the world. This may be firstly explained by the great increase in Russia’s population. Although production may have increased, the profit from it had to be shared out between more people. Therefore as a country the economy had improved but for the individual it was hardy better. Although this is still economic improvement it is far more precarious as unhappy individuals may lead to economy damaging strikes such as the 3574 in Russia, in 1914. The fact that other countries such as Britain invested in Russian economy supports the idea that the country as a whole was improving economically, as these advanced countries would not risk their money otherwise. The reason for this was firstly the railways, as has been discussed but also the fact that in 1897, the Russian currency was put on the Gold standard. This gave it strength when exchanged with other currencies, again helping Russia in the international climate but making it harder for Russian inhabitants to buy anything as prices naturally increased. Although putting the Russian rouble on the gold standard helped to stabilise the currency itself, it was not so powerful a move as to stabilise the economy and in fact added to the instability by further decreasing home sales. Therefore the Russian economy was improving greatly in comparison with its rivals in overseas sales and production, but this improvement was limited by domestic instabilities that Russia’s rivals had to a much lower degree. In conclusion the Russian economy did improve greatly between 1894 and 1914 however this improvement was confined to a very small sector of the economy. That sector was industry on a national scale. On an individual scale this improvement of the economy amounted to very little, with wages not allowing a significant growth in home demand. The agricultural side of the economy also improved very little, meaning that by 1914 four fifths of the people were not involved in the economical improvements to any great extent. The fact that the economic improvement was restricted to one area meant that it was unstable. On the other hand, although it must then be assumed that this improvement was greatly superficial in 1914, Russia was starting from the very bottom and therefore it is unlikely that a vastly improved in all areas and stable economy was possible in 20 years. If Russia’s economical improvement was extended at that rate for another 20 years then it would have had time to both gain security and reach out into other sectors that were overlooked in 1914, such as light industry. Therefore it must be concluded that between 1894 and 1913 there was great improvement in one area of the economy, which, due to its confinement was superficiality in an economic overview, yet due to the awful conditions in which this improvement operated in, it must be deemed substantial. How to cite To What Extent Did the Russian Economy Improve in the Period 1894 to 1914?, Papers